A Study on Emerging Methods and Ways in Agricultural Sciences: With Reference to Organic Farming
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51983/ajeat-2020.9.1.1081Keywords:
Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences, Organic Farming, Cultivation, Emerging Agriculture, Vertical Agriculture, Corporate AgricultureAbstract
Agricultural Sciences is an Applied Science but has its touch with social science due to its nature. It uses various kinds of tools, techniques, procedure, methods, principles of science; that is responsible for the cultivation of plants, crops, vegetables, livestock as well as animals. Agriculture is dedicated to the sedentary human civilization and by this people can meet their food demand. As far as the history of agriculture it is noted that agriculture as a concept emerged thousands of years before about 105,000 years ago and regarding the nascent farmers, it was about 11,500 years ago. Initially, animals were not considered within this but gradually various animals such as pigs, sheep and cattle became part of agricultural sciences since 10, 000 years ago. Farming normally considered as the cultivation in a small area whereas Agriculture is treated for a large area with huge place and expenditure. In today’s context, about 11 regions of the world are cultivating commercially. Agriculture as an interdisciplinary field is concerned with various disciplines and subjects; and this trend is growing rapidly. There are diverse areas and emerging nomenclatures emerged in Agriculture viz. Chemical Agriculture, Green revolution & Agriculture, Genetic engineering-based Agriculture, Organic Agriculture /Farming, Corporate Agriculture /Farming, Vertical Farming /Agriculture, etc. This paper is theoretical and empirical in nature. It analyzed various aspects of agriculture with special reference to the aspects, features, role, and emergence of three emerging types of agriculture viz. Organic Agriculture.
References
A. Z. Abbasi, N. Islam, and Z. A. Shaikh, "A review of wireless sensors and networks' applications in agriculture," Computer Standards & Interfaces, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 263-270, 2014.
W. Bond and A. C. Grundy, "Non-chemical weed management in organic farming systems," Weed Research, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 383-405, 2001.
T. Cacek and L. L. Langner, "The economic implications of organic farming," American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 25-29, 1986.
I. Darnhofer, W. Schneeberger, and B. Freyer, "Converting or not converting to organic farming in Austria: Farmer types and their rationale," Agriculture and Human Values, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 39-52, 2005.
I. Darnhofer, T. Lindenthal, R. Bartel-Kratochvil, and W. Zollitsch, "Conventionalisation of organic farming practices: from structural criteria towards an assessment based on organic principles—A review," Agronomy for Sustainable Development, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 67-81, 2010.
A. Gattinger et al., "Enhanced top soil carbon stocks under organic farming," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 109, no. 44, pp. 18226-18231, 2012.
M. Genius, C. J. Pantzios, and V. Tzouvelekas, "Information acquisition and adoption of organic farming practices," Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 93-113, 2006.
N. Gunapala and K. M. Scow, "Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and activity in conventional and organic farming systems," Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 805-816, 1998.
D. G. Hole et al., "Does organic farming benefit biodiversity?," Biological Conservation, vol. 122, no. 1, pp. 113-130, 2005.
H. Kirchmann and L. Bergström, "Do organic farming practices reduce nitrate leaching?," Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 32, nos. 7-8, pp. 997-1028, 2001.
P. Mäder et al., "Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming," Science, vol. 296, no. 5573, pp. 1694-1697, 2002.
J. Michelsen, "Recent development and political acceptance of organic farming in Europe," Sociologia Ruralis, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 3-20, 2001.
K. M. Murphy et al., "Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems," Field Crops Research, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 172-177, 2007.
F. Oehl et al., "Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi," Oecologia, vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 574-583, 2004.
S. Padel, "Conversion to organic farming: a typical example of the diffusion of an innovation?," Sociologia Ruralis, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 40-61, 2001.
X. P. Pang and J. Letey, "Organic farming challenge of timing nitrogen availability to crop nitrogen requirements," Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 247-253, 2000.
P. Pau1, P. K. Minakshi Ghosh, and D. Chaterjee, "Information Systems & Networks (ISN): Emphasizing Agricultural Information Networks with a case Study of AGRIS," Scholars Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 38-41, 2014.
P. Paul and P. K. Kumar, "Information and Knowledge Requirement for Farming and Agriculture Domain," International Journal of Soft Computing Bio Informatics, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 80-84, 2013.
P. Paul and P. K. Kumar et al., "Agricultural Problems in India requiring solution through Agricultural Information Systems: Problems and Prospects in Developing Countries," International Journal of Information Science and Computing, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 33-40, 2015.
P. Paul and P. K. Kumar et al., "Information and Communication Technology and Information: their role in Tea Cultivation and Marketing in the context of Developing Countries—A Theoretical Approach," Current Trends in Biotechnology and Chemical Research, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 155-161, 2015.
J. Peigné et al., "Is conservation tillage suitable for organic farming? A review," Soil Use and Management, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 129-144, 2007.
K. S. Pietola and A. O. Lansink, "Farmer response to policies promoting organic farming technologies in Finland," European Review of Agricultural Economics, vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2001.
P. Ramesh, M. Singh, and A. S. Rao, "Organic farming: Its relevance to the Indian context," Current Science, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 561-568, 2005.
P. Ramesh et al., "Status of organic farming in India," Current Science, pp. 1190-1194, 2010.
E. A. Stockdale et al., "Soil fertility in organic farming systems–fundamentally different?," Soil Use and Management, vol. 18, pp. 301-308, 2002.
M. Stolze and N. Lampkin, "Policy for organic farming: Rationale and concepts," Food Policy, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 237-244, 2009.
H. Tovey, "Food, environmentalism and rural sociology: on the organic farming movement in Ireland," Sociologia Ruralis, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 21-37, 1997.
A. Trewavas, "Urban myths of organic farming," Nature, vol. 410, no. 6827, p. 409, 2001.
H. L. Tuomisto et al., "Does organic farming reduce environmental impacts?–A meta-analysis of European research," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 112, pp. 309-320, 2012.
C. A. Watson et al., "Managing soil fertility in organic farming systems," Soil Use and Management, vol. 18, pp. 239-247, 2002.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 The Research Publication
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
